engineering design

experimental testing to prove theories and calibrate models


experiments to	solve (structural) problems support theoretical modeling calibrate theoretical models use for design purposes
example out of the field of aeronautical engineering: the idea
	Lilienthal's manned aeroplanes were experimental apparatuses for him. They were changed and altered during the course of his flight experiments. We know of eleven different aeroplane models from photos. Ideas and construction plans exist for other gliders. Only samples or parts of the 'Normal Glider' and the 'Storm Wing Model' have been preserved until today.
the theory
Birdflight: first systematic publication for the basis of the art of flying (1880)
the model
theoretical model: wing span: 14 to 36 ft. wing area: 28 to 107 sq.ft.
the prototype
flapping wings: wing span: 22 ft. wing area: 129 sq.ft. weight of engine: 5.5 kg (approximately 10 kg including CO2-cylinder)
normal glider: wing span: 22 to 23 ft. wing area: 140 to 146 sq.ft. length of glider: 16.1 to 17.4 ft. weight: about 20 kg
the final product
end result: Airbus 380 "superjumbo" jet (2007)
the conclusion
	experimental testing is used to prove theories and calibrate models
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Otto Lilienthal (1848-96)

Lilienthal's first aeroplanes: Concept-studies and various model drawings exist. Probably several flying machines of differing sizes were built. They were used to conduct various wind experiments and jumps (from a ramp and from a standing position).